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          <a href="autodie.html">autodie</a>
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            (<a href="autodie.txt">source</a>,
            <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/autodie">CPAN</a>)
          </div>
            <div id="moduleversion">version 2.34</div>
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          You are viewing the version of this documentation from Perl 5.35.0.
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        </div>
        <h1><a id="toc">CONTENTS</a></h1>
                  <ul>
              <li>
                <a class="text-decoration-none" href="autodie.html#NAME">NAME</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <a class="text-decoration-none" href="autodie.html#SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <a class="text-decoration-none" href="autodie.html#DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a>
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              <li>
                <a class="text-decoration-none" href="autodie.html#EXCEPTIONS">EXCEPTIONS</a>
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              <li>
                <a class="text-decoration-none" href="autodie.html#CATEGORIES">CATEGORIES</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <a class="text-decoration-none" href="autodie.html#FUNCTION-SPECIFIC-NOTES">FUNCTION SPECIFIC NOTES</a>
                            <ul>
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                <a class="text-decoration-none" href="autodie.html#print">print</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <a class="text-decoration-none" href="autodie.html#flock">flock</a>
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              <li>
                <a class="text-decoration-none" href="autodie.html#system/exec">system/exec</a>
              </li>
          </ul>

              </li>
              <li>
                <a class="text-decoration-none" href="autodie.html#GOTCHAS">GOTCHAS</a>
              </li>
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                <a class="text-decoration-none" href="autodie.html#DIAGNOSTICS">DIAGNOSTICS</a>
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              <li>
                <a class="text-decoration-none" href="autodie.html#Tips-and-Tricks">Tips and Tricks</a>
                            <ul>
              <li>
                <a class="text-decoration-none" href="autodie.html#Importing-autodie-into-another-namespace-than-%22caller%22">Importing autodie into another namespace than &quot;caller&quot;</a>
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              <li>
                <a class="text-decoration-none" href="autodie.html#BUGS">BUGS</a>
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              <li>
                <a class="text-decoration-none" href="autodie.html#autodie-and-string-eval">autodie and string eval</a>
              </li>
              <li>
                <a class="text-decoration-none" href="autodie.html#REPORTING-BUGS">REPORTING BUGS</a>
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                <a class="text-decoration-none" href="autodie.html#AUTHOR">AUTHOR</a>
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                <a class="text-decoration-none" href="autodie.html#LICENSE">LICENSE</a>
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                <a class="text-decoration-none" href="autodie.html#SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a>
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              <li>
                <a class="text-decoration-none" href="autodie.html#ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS">ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</a>
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      <h1 id="NAME"><a class="permalink" href="autodie.html#NAME">#</a>NAME</h1>

<p>autodie - Replace functions with ones that succeed or die with lexical scope</p>

<h1 id="SYNOPSIS"><a class="permalink" href="autodie.html#SYNOPSIS">#</a>SYNOPSIS</h1>

<pre><code>use autodie;            # Recommended: implies &#39;use autodie qw(:default)&#39;

use autodie qw(:all);   # Recommended more: defaults and system/exec.

use autodie qw(open close);   # open/close succeed or die

open(my $fh, &quot;&lt;&quot;, $filename); # No need to check!

{
    no autodie qw(open);          # open failures won&#39;t die
    open(my $fh, &quot;&lt;&quot;, $filename); # Could fail silently!
    no autodie;                   # disable all autodies
}

print &quot;Hello World&quot; or die $!;    # autodie DOESN&#39;T check print!</code></pre>

<h1 id="DESCRIPTION"><a class="permalink" href="autodie.html#DESCRIPTION">#</a>DESCRIPTION</h1>

<pre><code class="plaintext">bIlujDI&#39; yIchegh()Qo&#39;; yIHegh()!

It is better to die() than to return() in failure.

        -- Klingon programming proverb.</code></pre>

<p>The <code>autodie</code> pragma provides a convenient way to replace functions that normally return false on failure with equivalents that throw an exception on failure.</p>

<p>The <code>autodie</code> pragma has <i>lexical scope</i>, meaning that functions and subroutines altered with <code>autodie</code> will only change their behaviour until the end of the enclosing block, file, or <code>eval</code>.</p>

<p>If <code>system</code> is specified as an argument to <code>autodie</code>, then it uses <a href="./IPC::System::Simple.html">IPC::System::Simple</a> to do the heavy lifting. See the description of that module for more information.</p>

<h1 id="EXCEPTIONS"><a class="permalink" href="autodie.html#EXCEPTIONS">#</a>EXCEPTIONS</h1>

<p>Exceptions produced by the <code>autodie</code> pragma are members of the <a href="./autodie::exception.html">autodie::exception</a> class. The preferred way to work with these exceptions under Perl 5.10 is as follows:</p>

<pre><code>eval {
    use autodie;

    open(my $fh, &#39;&lt;&#39;, $some_file);

    my @records = &lt;$fh&gt;;

    # Do things with @records...

    close($fh);
};

if ($@ and $@-&gt;isa(&#39;autodie::exception&#39;)) {
    if ($@-&gt;matches(&#39;open&#39;)) { print &quot;Error from open\n&quot;;   }
    if ($@-&gt;matches(&#39;:io&#39; )) { print &quot;Non-open, IO error.&quot;; }
} elsif ($@) {
    # A non-autodie exception.
}</code></pre>

<p>See <a href="./autodie::exception.html">autodie::exception</a> for further information on interrogating exceptions.</p>

<h1 id="CATEGORIES"><a class="permalink" href="autodie.html#CATEGORIES">#</a>CATEGORIES</h1>

<p>Autodie uses a simple set of categories to group together similar built-ins. Requesting a category type (starting with a colon) will enable autodie for all built-ins beneath that category. For example, requesting <code>:file</code> will enable autodie for <code>close</code>, <code>fcntl</code>, <code>open</code> and <code>sysopen</code>.</p>

<p>The categories are currently:</p>

<pre><code class="plaintext">:all
    :default
        :io
            read
            seek
            sysread
            sysseek
            syswrite
            :dbm
                dbmclose
                dbmopen
            :file
                binmode
                close
                chmod
                chown
                fcntl
                flock
                ioctl
                open
                sysopen
                truncate
            :filesys
                chdir
                closedir
                opendir
                link
                mkdir
                readlink
                rename
                rmdir
                symlink
                unlink
            :ipc
                kill
                pipe
                :msg
                    msgctl
                    msgget
                    msgrcv
                    msgsnd
                :semaphore
                    semctl
                    semget
                    semop
                :shm
                    shmctl
                    shmget
                    shmread
            :socket
                accept
                bind
                connect
                getsockopt
                listen
                recv
                send
                setsockopt
                shutdown
                socketpair
        :threads
            fork
    :system
        system
        exec</code></pre>

<p>Note that while the above category system is presently a strict hierarchy, this should not be assumed.</p>

<p>A plain <code>use autodie</code> implies <code>use autodie qw(:default)</code>. Note that <code>system</code> and <code>exec</code> are not enabled by default. <code>system</code> requires the optional <a href="./IPC::System::Simple.html">IPC::System::Simple</a> module to be installed, and enabling <code>system</code> or <code>exec</code> will invalidate their exotic forms. See <a href="autodie.html#BUGS">&quot;BUGS&quot;</a> below for more details.</p>

<p>The syntax:</p>

<pre><code>use autodie qw(:1.994);</code></pre>

<p>allows the <code>:default</code> list from a particular version to be used. This provides the convenience of using the default methods, but the surety that no behavioral changes will occur if the <code>autodie</code> module is upgraded.</p>

<p><code>autodie</code> can be enabled for all of Perl&#39;s built-ins, including <code>system</code> and <code>exec</code> with:</p>

<pre><code>use autodie qw(:all);</code></pre>

<h1 id="FUNCTION-SPECIFIC-NOTES"><a class="permalink" href="autodie.html#FUNCTION-SPECIFIC-NOTES">#</a><a id="FUNCTION"></a>FUNCTION SPECIFIC NOTES</h1>

<h2 id="print"><a class="permalink" href="autodie.html#print">#</a>print</h2>

<p>The autodie pragma <b>does not check calls to <code>print</code></b>.</p>

<h2 id="flock"><a class="permalink" href="autodie.html#flock">#</a>flock</h2>

<p>It is not considered an error for <code>flock</code> to return false if it fails due to an <code>EWOULDBLOCK</code> (or equivalent) condition. This means one can still use the common convention of testing the return value of <code>flock</code> when called with the <code>LOCK_NB</code> option:</p>

<pre><code>use autodie;

if ( flock($fh, LOCK_EX | LOCK_NB) ) {
    # We have a lock
}</code></pre>

<p>Autodying <code>flock</code> will generate an exception if <code>flock</code> returns false with any other error.</p>

<h2 id="system/exec"><a class="permalink" href="autodie.html#system/exec">#</a><a id="system"></a><a id="system-exec"></a>system/exec</h2>

<p>The <code>system</code> built-in is considered to have failed in the following circumstances:</p>

<ul>

<li><p>The command does not start.</p>

</li>
<li><p>The command is killed by a signal.</p>

</li>
<li><p>The command returns a non-zero exit value (but see below).</p>

</li>
</ul>

<p>On success, the autodying form of <code>system</code> returns the <i>exit value</i> rather than the contents of <code>$?</code>.</p>

<p>Additional allowable exit values can be supplied as an optional first argument to autodying <code>system</code>:</p>

<pre><code>system( [ 0, 1, 2 ], $cmd, @args);  # 0,1,2 are good exit values</code></pre>

<p><code>autodie</code> uses the <a href="./IPC::System::Simple.html">IPC::System::Simple</a> module to change <code>system</code>. See its documentation for further information.</p>

<p>Applying <code>autodie</code> to <code>system</code> or <code>exec</code> causes the exotic forms <code>system { $cmd } @args </code> or <code>exec { $cmd } @args</code> to be considered a syntax error until the end of the lexical scope. If you really need to use the exotic form, you can call <code>CORE::system</code> or <code>CORE::exec</code> instead, or use <code>no autodie qw(system exec)</code> before calling the exotic form.</p>

<h1 id="GOTCHAS"><a class="permalink" href="autodie.html#GOTCHAS">#</a>GOTCHAS</h1>

<p>Functions called in list context are assumed to have failed if they return an empty list, or a list consisting only of a single undef element.</p>

<p>Some builtins (e.g. <code>chdir</code> or <code>truncate</code>) has a call signature that cannot completely be represented with a Perl prototype. This means that some valid Perl code will be invalid under autodie. As an example:</p>

<pre><code>chdir(BAREWORD);</code></pre>

<p>Without autodie (and assuming BAREWORD is an open filehandle/dirhandle) this is a valid call to chdir. But under autodie, <code>chdir</code> will behave like it had the prototype &quot;;$&quot; and thus BAREWORD will be a syntax error (under &quot;use strict&quot;. Without strict, it will interpreted as a filename).</p>

<h1 id="DIAGNOSTICS"><a class="permalink" href="autodie.html#DIAGNOSTICS">#</a>DIAGNOSTICS</h1>

<dl>

<dt id=":void-cannot-be-used-with-lexical-scope"><a class="permalink" href="autodie.html#:void-cannot-be-used-with-lexical-scope">#</a><a id="void-cannot-be-used-with-lexical-scope"></a>:void cannot be used with lexical scope</dt>
<dd>

<p>The <code>:void</code> option is supported in <a href="Fatal.html">Fatal</a>, but not <code>autodie</code>. To workaround this, <code>autodie</code> may be explicitly disabled until the end of the current block with <code>no autodie</code>. To disable autodie for only a single function (eg, open) use <code>no autodie qw(open)</code>.</p>

<p><code>autodie</code> performs no checking of called context to determine whether to throw an exception; the explicitness of error handling with <code>autodie</code> is a deliberate feature.</p>

</dd>
<dt id="No-user-hints-defined-for-%s"><a class="permalink" href="autodie.html#No-user-hints-defined-for-%25s">#</a><a id="No"></a><a id="No-user-hints-defined-for-s"></a>No user hints defined for %s</dt>
<dd>

<p>You&#39;ve insisted on hints for user-subroutines, either by pre-pending a <code>!</code> to the subroutine name itself, or earlier in the list of arguments to <code>autodie</code>. However the subroutine in question does not have any hints available.</p>

</dd>
</dl>

<p>See also <a href="Fatal.html#DIAGNOSTICS">&quot;DIAGNOSTICS&quot; in Fatal</a>.</p>

<h1 id="Tips-and-Tricks"><a class="permalink" href="autodie.html#Tips-and-Tricks">#</a><a id="Tips"></a>Tips and Tricks</h1>

<h2 id="Importing-autodie-into-another-namespace-than-&quot;caller&quot;"><a class="permalink" href="autodie.html#Importing-autodie-into-another-namespace-than-%22caller%22">#</a><a id="Importing"></a><a id="Importing-autodie-into-another-namespace-than-caller"></a>Importing autodie into another namespace than &quot;caller&quot;</h2>

<p>It is possible to import autodie into a different namespace by using <a href="./Import::Into.html">Import::Into</a>. However, you have to pass a &quot;caller depth&quot; (rather than a package name) for this to work correctly.</p>

<h1 id="BUGS"><a class="permalink" href="autodie.html#BUGS">#</a>BUGS</h1>

<p>&quot;Used only once&quot; warnings can be generated when <code>autodie</code> or <code>Fatal</code> is used with package filehandles (eg, <code>FILE</code>). Scalar filehandles are strongly recommended instead.</p>

<p>When using <code>autodie</code> or <code>Fatal</code> with user subroutines, the declaration of those subroutines must appear before the first use of <code>Fatal</code> or <code>autodie</code>, or have been exported from a module. Attempting to use <code>Fatal</code> or <code>autodie</code> on other user subroutines will result in a compile-time error.</p>

<p>Due to a bug in Perl, <code>autodie</code> may &quot;lose&quot; any format which has the same name as an autodying built-in or function.</p>

<p><code>autodie</code> may not work correctly if used inside a file with a name that looks like a string eval, such as <i>eval (3)</i>.</p>

<h2 id="autodie-and-string-eval"><a class="permalink" href="autodie.html#autodie-and-string-eval">#</a><a id="autodie"></a>autodie and string eval</h2>

<p>Due to the current implementation of <code>autodie</code>, unexpected results may be seen when used near or with the string version of eval. <i>None of these bugs exist when using block eval</i>.</p>

<p>Under Perl 5.8 only, <code>autodie</code> <i>does not</i> propagate into string <code>eval</code> statements, although it can be explicitly enabled inside a string <code>eval</code>.</p>

<p>Under Perl 5.10 only, using a string eval when <code>autodie</code> is in effect can cause the autodie behaviour to leak into the surrounding scope. This can be worked around by using a <code>no autodie</code> at the end of the scope to explicitly remove autodie&#39;s effects, or by avoiding the use of string eval.</p>

<p><i>None of these bugs exist when using block eval</i>. The use of <code>autodie</code> with block eval is considered good practice.</p>

<h2 id="REPORTING-BUGS"><a class="permalink" href="autodie.html#REPORTING-BUGS">#</a><a id="REPORTING"></a>REPORTING BUGS</h2>

<p>Please report bugs via the GitHub Issue Tracker at <a href="https://github.com/pjf/autodie/issues">https://github.com/pjf/autodie/issues</a>.</p>

<h1 id="FEEDBACK"><a class="permalink" href="autodie.html#FEEDBACK">#</a>FEEDBACK</h1>

<p>If you find this module useful, please consider rating it on the CPAN Ratings service at <a href="http://cpanratings.perl.org/rate?distribution=autodie">http://cpanratings.perl.org/rate?distribution=autodie</a> .</p>

<p>The module author loves to hear how <code>autodie</code> has made your life better (or worse). Feedback can be sent to &lt;pjf@perltraining.com.au&gt;.</p>

<h1 id="AUTHOR"><a class="permalink" href="autodie.html#AUTHOR">#</a>AUTHOR</h1>

<p>Copyright 2008-2009, Paul Fenwick &lt;pjf@perltraining.com.au&gt;</p>

<h1 id="LICENSE"><a class="permalink" href="autodie.html#LICENSE">#</a>LICENSE</h1>

<p>This module is free software. You may distribute it under the same terms as Perl itself.</p>

<h1 id="SEE-ALSO"><a class="permalink" href="autodie.html#SEE-ALSO">#</a><a id="SEE"></a>SEE ALSO</h1>

<p><a href="Fatal.html">Fatal</a>, <a href="./autodie::exception.html">autodie::exception</a>, <a href="./autodie::hints.html">autodie::hints</a>, <a href="./IPC::System::Simple.html">IPC::System::Simple</a></p>

<p><i>Perl tips, autodie</i> at <a href="http://perltraining.com.au/tips/2008-08-20.html">http://perltraining.com.au/tips/2008-08-20.html</a></p>

<h1 id="ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS"><a class="permalink" href="autodie.html#ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS">#</a>ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</h1>

<p>Mark Reed and Roland Giersig -- Klingon translators.</p>

<p>See the <i>AUTHORS</i> file for full credits. The latest version of this file can be found at <a href="https://github.com/pjf/autodie/tree/master/AUTHORS">https://github.com/pjf/autodie/tree/master/AUTHORS</a> .</p>


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